David explains how energy use has declined per capita and in absolute terms since 2008, with the UK now using less energy per person than countries such as Belarus and Uzbekistan. He sets out the various renewable subsidy schemes, including the renewables obligation and contracts for difference, and how ballooning transmission costs are pushing bills higher still. The discussion also covers the practicalities and costs of alternatives such as nuclear power and gas, and how planning delays and regulatory hurdles are driving up the price of new infrastructure across the board.

The interview concludes with a look at the wider consequences of high energy costs, including the decline of British steel and fertiliser production and the broader deindustrialisation of the economy. David argues that energy costs are one of the most significant, if underappreciated, drivers of the UK’s growth struggles since 2008.

The Institute of Economic Affairs is a registered educational charity. It does not endorse or give support for any political party in the UK or elsewhere. Our mission is to improve understanding of the fundamental institutions of a free society by analysing and expounding the role of markets in solving economic and social problems.

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In this Institute of Economic Affairs podcast, IEA Managing Editor Daniel Freeman is joined by Soumaya Keynes, economics columnist at the Financial Times and host of The Economics Show, to discuss her new book How to Win a Trade War. They cover the collapse of the old rules based global trading system, why the US lost faith in the World Trade Organisation’s dispute settlement process, and how the first and second Trump administrations approached trade policy differently.

The conversation examines whether tariffs actually reduce a country’s trade deficit, the difference between bilateral and current account imbalances, and why China’s rerouting of supply chains through third countries has complicated efforts to reshore manufacturing. Soumaya sets out the case for and against trade barriers from a UK perspective, including the pressure Britain may face to align with EU trade defences against Chinese imports, and discusses the growing argument for protecting domestic industrial capacity on economic security grounds, drawing on historical examples including Germany’s dye industry before the First World War.

The Institute of Economic Affairs is a registered educational charity. It does not endorse or give support for any political party in the UK or elsewhere. Our mission is to improve understanding of the fundamental institutions of a free society by analysing and expounding the role of markets in solving economic and social problems. The views represented here are those of the speakers alone, not those of the Institute, its Managing Trustees, Academic Advisory Council members or senior staff.

On the first topic, Kristian and Chris argue that America’s GDP advantage over Europe is real and widening, and push back on attempts to explain it away through hours worked, lifestyle preferences, or selective social comparisons. They point to lower energy costs, more liberal labour market institutions, and a stronger post-2008 recovery as key drivers of the gap. The discussion then turns to the Government’s “social value” procurement rules, which require companies bidding for public contracts to meet a wide range of non-economic criteria. Chris sets out how these requirements have expanded since 2012 and argues they function as a hidden tax that adds cost without adding value. The conversation closes with a discussion of a recent academic misconduct case, and what it reveals about institutional incentives and groupthink within universities.

The Institute of Economic Affairs is a registered educational charity. It does not endorse or give support for any political party in the UK or elsewhere. Our mission is to improve understanding of the fundamental institutions of a free society by analysing and expounding the role of markets in solving economic and social problems.

The views represented here are those of the speakers alone, not those of the Institute, its Managing Trustees, Academic Advisory Council members or senior staff.

Dr Boboc explains how Britain moved from the rapid railway expansion of the Victorian era to a planning system defined by lengthy approvals, an ever expanding list of statutory consultees, and unpredictable, open ended costs. He argues that a single point of approval sits alongside a near limitless number of bodies able to demand mitigations, driving up costs without anyone weighing them against each other. Using HS2 and the associated “bat tunnel” as examples, he sets out how conservation and amenity demands from local campaigners can add huge sums with little central coordination. He also compares UK costs unfavourably with countries such as Norway, Japan and France, and highlights the Lower Thames Crossing’s approvals bill as an example of money spent before any construction begins. The discussion closes with reflections on how centralising financial risk within the Treasury discourages private investment, and what reforms, such as reducing statutory consultees and diversifying who can promote infrastructure projects, might help.

The Institute of Economic Affairs is a registered educational charity. It does not endorse or give support for any political party in the UK or elsewhere. Our mission is to improve understanding of the fundamental institutions of a free society by analysing and expounding the role of markets in solving economic and social problems.

The views represented here are those of the speakers alone, not those of the Institute, its Managing Trustees, Academic Advisory Council members or senior staff.

The discussion opens with Mamdani’s pledge to sell goods 30% below market price in five city-owned stores, with Niemietz and Snowdon examining why the policy is likely to run into supply and cost problems, and why it functions more as a political message than a workable solution. They contrast this with the economic distinction between subject subsidies, where the state gives people money to spend as they choose, and object subsidies, where the state directly provides or subsidises a good, and explain why most economists favour the former. The conversation then turns to Burnham’s proposal to let 14 year olds pursue technical and vocational pathways in schools, set against the backdrop of NEET numbers passing one million in the UK. Niemietz and Snowdon disagree over whether the underlying problem is one of education supply or labour market demand, touching on youth unemployment, the minimum wage, and the Employment Rights Act. The episode closes with a discussion of the row over a T-shirt referencing violence against Nigel Farage, reported to the police by Reform after Polanski shared an image of it, and what the episode reveals about the state of free speech debate in Britain.

The Institute of Economic Affairs is a registered educational charity. It does not endorse or give support for any political party in the UK or elsewhere. Our mission is to improve understanding of the fundamental institutions of a free society by analysing and expounding the role of markets in solving economic and social problems.

The views represented here are those of the speakers alone, not those of the Institute, its Managing Trustees, Academic Advisory Council members or senior staff.

Kristian explains how the rationing of building land dates back to the nationalisation of development rights in the late 1940s, and how this has left Britain with smaller and fewer homes per person than most of Western Europe, a shortfall he puts at around 5 million houses. He argues this isn’t a problem of physical space, since only around a tenth of land in Britain is developed, but a political failure to release land in the places where growth is happening. The discussion also covers how the same constraints hit commercial and retail space, choking off growth in productive areas like Cambridge, and considers pushback points including why growth held up through the 1980s and 90s despite the same planning laws, and whether recent political enthusiasm for building more will actually be followed through. Kristian ends by rating land use regulation as roughly an eight out of ten barrier to UK economic growth.

The Institute of Economic Affairs is a registered educational charity. It does not endorse or give support for any political party in the UK or elsewhere. Our mission is to improve understanding of the fundamental institutions of a free society by analysing and expounding the role of markets in solving economic and social problems.

The views represented here are those of the speakers alone, not those of the Institute, its Managing Trustees, Academic Advisory Council members or senior staff.

The conversation opens with Burnham’s early policy moves, including the VAT cut on domestic fuel and the bus fare cap, before turning to the wider economic philosophy behind “Burnhamism” and its scepticism of 1980s privatisation. Lord Hannan and Dr Snowdon debate whether Burnham can govern within his own fiscal rules and backbench pressures, and whether an early general election is now more likely than markets expect. The discussion then turns to Britain’s welfare bill, examining why nearly one in four Britons now claim some form of disability, the incentives created by the benefits system since the pandemic, and the case for reform. The episode closes with a look at the new Secretary of State for Energy and Net Zero following Ed Miliband’s move to the Foreign Office, and what her background at the New Economics Foundation could mean for North Sea licensing, fracking, and the future of Britain’s net zero strategy.

The Institute of Economic Affairs is a registered educational charity. It does not endorse or give support to any political party in the UK or elsewhere. Our mission is to improve understanding of the fundamental institutions of a free society by analysing and expounding the role of markets in solving economic and social problems.

The views represented here are those of the speakers alone, not those of the Institute, its Managing Trustees, Academic Advisory Council members or senior staff.

Tyler explains that the UK is now around 30% poorer than it would have been on its pre-2008 trend, and would rank as the poorest US state if it were one. He argues that the real culprit is a near two-decade credit crunch: Basel Accord capital rules pushed up the cost of lending to small and medium-sized businesses, and because British firms rely far more heavily on banks for financing than their American counterparts, the effect has hit UK growth much harder. The discussion covers why rejection rates on business loan applications have climbed sharply, why this has produced a long tail of low-productivity firms unable to scale, and what policymakers on both sides of the Atlantic could do differently, from being honest about regulatory trade-offs to moving away from a one-size-fits-all approach to bank capital requirements.

The Institute of Economic Affairs is a registered educational charity. It does not endorse or give support for any political party in the UK or elsewhere. Our mission is to improve understanding of the fundamental institutions of a free society by analysing and expounding the role of markets in solving economic and social problems.

The views represented here are those of the speakers alone, not those of the Institute, its Managing Trustees, Academic Advisory Council members or senior staff.

The conversation also covers pausing yet-to-commence provisions of the Employment Rights Act, recognising the decisions of trusted foreign regulators to speed up drug and technology approvals, removing tariffs on consumer goods to ease the cost of living, and scrapping vehicle excise duty in favour of a road pricing system. Throughout, Callum and Valentin stress that each proposal comes at little to no cost to the Exchequer, making them realistic options for a Government inheriting a public debt of nearly 90% of GDP and almost no fiscal headroom.

The Institute of Economic Affairs is a registered educational charity. It does not endorse or give support for any political party in the UK or elsewhere. Our mission is to improve understanding of the fundamental institutions of a free society by analysing and expounding the role of markets in solving economic and social problems.

The views represented here are those of the speakers alone, not those of the Institute, its Managing Trustees, Academic Advisory Council members or senior staff.

They start with the wealth tax, prompted by Gary Stevenson’s Channel 4 documentary, examining his 2% levy on assets above £10 million and challenging the claim that wealth inequality is spiralling out of control. They then turn to the Government’s plan to extend customs duties to packages under £135 from 2028, dubbed the “Teemu tax,” and explain why the cost usually lands on the consumer rather than the foreign seller. The conversation closes with the land value tax, drawing on Dan Neidle’s recent report, weighing its efficiency case against the practical difficulty of transitioning from the current system without creating regional winners and losers.

The Institute of Economic Affairs is a registered educational charity. It does not endorse or give support for any political party in the UK or elsewhere. Our mission is to improve understanding of the fundamental institutions of a free society by analysing and expounding the role of markets in solving economic and social problems.

The views represented here are those of the speakers alone, not those of the Institute, its Managing Trustees, Academic Advisory Council members or senior staff.

Elliott discusses the internal tensions of the Leave campaign, including his account of clashes with Arron Banks and Leave.EU, the case for designation as the official Leave campaign, and the financial disadvantage Vote Leave faced against Remain. He shares his views on campaign strategy, including distilling messages down to their essence and hiring for enthusiasm over experience. The discussion also covers the aftermath of the referendum, including his frustration with Theresa May’s handling of Brexit negotiations and his assessment of what a Boris Johnson, Michael Gove or other leadership might have achieved differently.

The interview concludes with a look at what has and has not been delivered since Brexit, including missed opportunities on deregulation and the habitats directive, and Elliott’s argument that the UK still lacks a Government able to make the case for growth. The conversation ends with reflections on the individuals who shaped the Leave campaign and Elliott’s final policy pick if he were in charge for a day.

The Institute of Economic Affairs is a registered educational charity. It does not endorse or give support for any political party in the UK or elsewhere. Our mission is to improve understanding of the fundamental institutions of a free society by analysing and expounding the role of markets in solving economic and social problems.

The views represented here are those of the speakers alone, not those of the Institute, its Managing Trustees, Academic Advisory Council members or senior staff.

Michael argues that living standards stalled not because of neoliberalism but because Britain stopped being a free market economy, drifting into a more heavily controlled and interventionist system well before the pandemic accelerated the trend. The pair discuss what a serious fiscal crisis might look like for the UK, comparing the sharp but effective austerity in Ireland with the drawn out and less successful approach in Greece, and consider whether Britain would follow the Irish or the Greek path if the bond markets turned. They also examine the political incentives that make honest arguments for smaller government difficult to sustain in office.

The discussion closes with a wider look at the “socialism has never been tried” argument, comparing outcomes in North and South Korea and in East and West Germany, and asking why economic evidence so rarely changes public opinion.

The Institute of Economic Affairs is a registered educational charity. It does not endorse or give support for any political party in the UK or elsewhere. Our mission is to improve understanding of the fundamental institutions of a free society by analysing and expounding the role of markets in solving economic and social problems.

The views represented here are those of the speakers alone, not those of the Institute, its Managing Trustees, Academic Advisory Council members or senior staff.

Callum, Lord Hannan and Kristian Niemietz begin with Nigel Farage’s resignation as an MP to force a by-election in Clacton, and what the contest reveals about how “anti-establishment” politics means very different things depending on which side is using it. They move on to a defence of economic growth, arguing that GDP scepticism usually rests on a strawman version of economics that no real economist holds, and that growth is what has given people leisure time, labour-saving technology and rising living standards. The conversation ends on the Government’s new Green Paper, which would require social media platforms to prioritise BBC, Channel 4 and Channel 5 content, and what that means for free expression, drawing on John Stuart Mill’s case for free speech and examples of “high status misinformation,” including claims about NHS privatisation and wealth inequality.

The Institute of Economic Affairs is a registered educational charity. It does not endorse or give support for any political party in the UK or elsewhere. Our mission is to improve understanding of the fundamental institutions of a free society by analysing and expounding the role of markets in solving economic and social problems. The views represented here are those of the speakers alone, not those of the Institute, its Managing Trustees, Academic Advisory Council members or senior staff.

Katherine explains how BusinessNZ, representing around 70,000 businesses, tries to resist the pull towards vested interests and protectionism that so often creeps into business lobbying. She and Lord Hannan compare New Zealand’s proportional voting system, which has produced separate parties for libertarian, conservative and populist voters, with Britain’s first past the post system. They also discuss the lasting damage from lockdowns, including welfare dependency, shoplifting and a coarsening of public life, and Katherine sets out why New Zealand’s export driven economy has had to stay nimble in the face of tariffs and rising protectionism, including a debate on the case for closer trade and travel ties between the UK, New Zealand, Australia and Canada.

The Institute of Economic Affairs is a registered educational charity. It does not endorse or give support for any political party in the UK or elsewhere. Our mission is to improve understanding of the fundamental institutions of a free society by analysing and expounding the role of markets in solving economic and social problems. The views represented here are those of the speakers alone, not those of the Institute, its Managing Trustees, Academic Advisory Council members or senior staff.

On devolution, Hannan and Niemietz discuss why Britain remains one of the most centralised states in Europe, and what would need to change for genuine decentralisation to work, including a Swiss style model where local areas raise and are responsible for their own spending. They then turn to the fall in British household wealth over the past five years, arguing that the decline is largely a correction following the money printing and house price rises seen during the pandemic.

The discussion closes with an examination of London’s housebuilding crisis, drawing on a new report from other think tanks showing housing starts in the capital falling far short of government targets. Hannan and Niemietz set out why this makes London and the country as a whole poorer, and discuss practical fixes including lifting height restrictions near transport links and building on underused sites such as those around Canary Wharf.

The Institute of Economic Affairs is a registered educational charity. It does not endorse or give support for any political party in the UK or elsewhere. Our mission is to improve understanding of the fundamental institutions of a free society by analysing and expounding the role of markets in solving economic and social problems.

The views represented here are those of the speakers alone, not those of the Institute, its Managing Trustees, Academic Advisory Council members or senior staff.

Thumbnail image of Andy Burnham by [photographer name], licensed under CC BY 2.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/), cropped from the original.

Price and Given discuss whether the Hayekian idea of persuading second-hand dealers in ideas still holds in the age of short-form video, and whether individual influencers are taking on work once done by established institutions. They look at the so-called vibe shift following recent elections, the risk of trading one form of collectivism for another, and immigration as an issue classical liberals have often avoided. The discussion also turns to the Washington Post’s editorial repositioning around personal liberties and free markets, wider changes across legacy media in the United States, and how Number 10 and the Government have started bringing new media voices into their briefings. Given closes with practical advice for anyone trying to make the case for liberty today.

The Institute of Economic Affairs is a registered educational charity. It does not endorse or give support for any political party in the UK or elsewhere. Our mission is to improve understanding of the fundamental institutions of a free society by analysing and expounding the role of markets in solving economic and social problems. The views represented here are those of the speakers alone, not those of the Institute, its Managing Trustees, Academic Advisory Council members or senior staff.

Bateman explains how economic historians find evidence of women’s work before written records, drawing on burials and human remains, and points to the finding that around 40% of big game hunters in the Stone Age Americas were women. The discussion moves through the five economic hotspots of the Bronze Age, the contrast between ancient Athens and Rome, and the case of Hortensia, the Roman woman who challenged a tax levied on women without political representation. Bateman argues that women’s relative freedom tracked economic prosperity in each period, and that the erosion of those freedoms helped drain the lifeblood from economies such as Rome.

The second half turns to Britain and the origins of modern economic growth. Bateman sets out the Northwest European marriage pattern, under which women married in their mid-twenties rather than as children, earned their own wages and built independent households, and explains how this supported higher wages, later fertility and the conditions for the Industrial Revolution. The conversation also covers the backlash against working women in the late 19th century, the shift from brawn to brains in the 20th, and what the historical record suggests about women, freedom and economic growth today. Economica is a Financial Times Best Book of 2025, and there is a link to order a copy in the description.

The Institute of Economic Affairs is a registered educational charity. It does not endorse or give support for any political party in the UK or elsewhere. Our mission is to improve understanding of the fundamental institutions of a free society by analysing and expounding the role of markets in solving economic and social problems.

The views represented here are those of the speakers alone, not those of the Institute, its Managing Trustees, Academic Advisory Council members or senior staff.

The conversation looks at why successive governments struggle to control spending, with health and social security now accounting for around two thirds of the total, and why questions about the civil service, judicial activism and the constitutional reforms of the Blair years have moved to the centre of think tank debate. Lord Hannan and Dr Niemietz assess why the Brexit result remains contested a decade on, the deregulation opportunities that went unused, and the culture war that followed the vote. The discussion closes on climate policy, air conditioning and the case for adaptation rather than restriction.

The Institute of Economic Affairs is a registered educational charity. It does not endorse or give support for any political party in the UK or elsewhere. Our mission is to improve understanding of the fundamental institutions of a free society by analysing and expounding the role of markets in solving economic and social problems. The views represented here are those of the speakers alone, not those of the Institute, its Managing Trustees, Academic Advisory Council members or senior staff.

Pike sets out how the illicit market has grown to around 80% of all tobacco sold in Australia, with the illicit vape market above 95%. He explains how tax of roughly $1.53 per cigarette, about £17 a packet before sales tax, opened a gap that organised crime moved to fill, with black market packets selling for a fraction of the legal price. The discussion covers the violence that has followed, including murders and hundreds of fire bombings, the rise of a multi-billion dollar criminal syndicate, and why enforcement at the border can only ever stop a small share of what comes through.

The second half turns to Britain. Snowdon and Pike argue that the UK is only a few years behind Australia, pointing to high tobacco duty, the tax escalator, the planned vape tax and official figures that they say understate the size of the illicit trade. Pike argues that the answer is not tougher enforcement alone but lower excise, consistent enforcement and an honest approach to harm reduction, contrasting Australia’s stance on vaping with the position taken in the UK and New Zealand. He closes with a warning for the Treasury and for ministers that the same path leads to the same result.

The Institute of Economic Affairs is a registered educational charity. It does not endorse or give support for any political party in the UK or elsewhere. Our mission is to improve understanding of the fundamental institutions of a free society by analysing and expounding the role of markets in solving economic and social problems.

The views represented here are those of the speakers alone, not those of the Institute, its Managing Trustees, Academic Advisory Council members or senior staff.

On the social media ban, the panel weighs up whether the policy can actually be enforced, pointing to Australia’s experience and the ease with which children use VPNs to get around age checks. They consider the case for and against leaving the decision to parents, the coordination problem this creates for families, and the oddity of a digital curfew for 17 year olds at the same time as the Government wants 16 year olds to be able to vote. They also place the policy in a wider pattern of governments reaching for bans that poll well but prove difficult in practice, drawing on Christopher Snowdon’s new book on evidence-based policy.

The conversation then turns to Elon Musk and what his trillion-dollar fortune says about how markets reward people, covering consumer surplus, company valuations, and why the size of a fortune does not track hours worked. Finally, the panel examines Thomas Piketty’s call for a per capita GDP cap of around €60,000, a forced shift from material to immaterial sectors, and the global institutions he proposes to run it. They question how such a system could be enforced, what it would mean for ordinary living standards, and the use of taxpayer funding for degrowth research.

The Institute of Economic Affairs is a registered educational charity. It does not endorse or give support for any political party in the UK or elsewhere. Our mission is to improve understanding of the fundamental institutions of a free society by analysing and expounding the role of markets in solving economic and social problems.

The views represented here are those of the speakers alone, not those of the Institute, its Managing Trustees, Academic Advisory Council members or senior staff.